有的設計(ji)人(ren)員咨詢浙江至德鋼業有限公司工程師工業管道與輸(shu)氣管道的壁(bi)厚計(ji)算是(shi)否可(ke)以統一(yi)或者互相替代使用？因兩者的壁(bi)厚計(ji)算具有以下區別，所以肯定是(shi)不能(neng)混用的。
一(yi)、工業管(guan)道與(yu)輸氣管(guan)道直管(guan)壁厚計算公式比較
1. 壁厚(hou)計算理論(lun)基(ji)礎(chu)比較(jiao)
承受(shou)內壓的直管屬于旋(xuan)轉殼(ke)體的一(yi)(yi)(yi)種，旋(xuan)轉殼(ke)體應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)分(fen)(fen)析理論(lun)有兩類(lei)：一(yi)(yi)(yi)類(lei)是忽略(lve)彎矩(ju)的無力(li)(li)矩(ju)理論(lun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)-薄(bo)膜理論(lun)，導出(chu)的是壁(bi)厚(hou)計(ji)算的薄(bo)膜應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)公(gong)式，該公(gong)式計(ji)算的是沿(yan)(yan)壁(bi)厚(hou)均勻(yun)分(fen)(fen)布的兩向應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)，即軸向應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)和(he)周(zhou)向應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)，忽略(lve)了徑向應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)。另一(yi)(yi)(yi)類(lei)是彈性力(li)(li)學應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)分(fen)(fen)析理論(lun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)拉美公(gong)式，共(gong)三個方向的應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)，周(zhou)向應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)和(he)徑向應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)沿(yan)(yan)壁(bi)厚(hou)非線性分(fen)(fen)布，軸向應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)沿(yan)(yan)壁(bi)厚(hou)均勻(yun)分(fen)(fen)布。
GB 50251《輸(shu)氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)工程設計規范》采(cai)用(yong)(yong)ASME B31.8《輸(shu)氣(qi)和(he)配氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)系統》的壁厚(hou)計算(suan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)源(yuan)于無(wu)力(li)矩理(li)(li)論(lun)的薄膜理(li)(li)論(lun)應力(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)。GB／T 20801、GB 50316、SH／T 3059等標準采(cai)用(yong)(yong)ASME B31.3《工藝管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)》的壁厚(hou)計算(suan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)是拉(la)美(mei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)的經驗近似式(shi)。輸(shu)氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)壁厚(hou)計算(suan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)的理(li)(li)論(lun)基礎采(cai)用(yong)(yong)無(wu)力(li)矩理(li)(li)論(lun)-薄膜理(li)(li)論(lun)，而工業管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)彈性力(li)學應力(li)分析(xi)理(li)(li)論(lun)-拉(la)美(mei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)。
2. 安全系(xi)數取值方(fang)式(shi)的比較
輸(shu)氣管(guan)道(dao)(dao)由(you)于需(xu)穿越城(cheng)市、村鎮等，根據管(guan)道(dao)(dao)通過區域的不同條件，采用(yong)改(gai)變(bian)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)應力水平（即改(gai)變(bian)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)壁(bi)厚）以強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)確保(bao)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)自身的安全，為(wei)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)周圍環境提供(gong)安全保(bao)障（采用(yong)不同的強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)設計(ji)系數F）的理念，同時(shi)也體現了管(guan)道(dao)(dao)的經(jing)濟成本的合理性。GB50251中規定的強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)設計(ji)系數F值，一級(ji)地(di)(di)區為(wei)0.8，四級(ji)地(di)(di)區為(wei)0.4。強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)設計(ji)系數F值的規定與取值源自ASME B31.8《輸(shu)氣和配氣管(guan)道(dao)(dao)系統(tong)》。
工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)道壁厚計(ji)算中(zhong)(zhong)，設(she)計(ji)溫(wen)度(du)下的(de)(de)材(cai)料許(xu)用(yong)應(ying)(ying)力(li)由(you)材(cai)料的(de)(de)力(li)學性(xing)(xing)能除以相應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)安全(quan)系(xi)(xi)數而得，GB／T 20801、GB 50316、SH／T 3059規定(ding)的(de)(de)材(cai)料安全(quan)系(xi)(xi)數與(yu)GB 150中(zhong)(zhong)材(cai)料安全(quan)系(xi)(xi)數的(de)(de)要(yao)求相同(tong)。由(you)于工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)道處(chu)于有(you)限(xian)范圍的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)廠環(huan)境中(zhong)(zhong)，材(cai)料的(de)(de)安全(quan)系(xi)(xi)數根據材(cai)料的(de)(de)類(lei)型(xing)和(he)力(li)學性(xing)(xing)能（強(qiang)度(du)極限(xian)、屈服極限(xian)、持久強(qiang)度(du)、蠕變極限(xian)）的(de)(de)不同(tong)而取值(zhi)，按照規范規定(ding)選取許(xu)用(yong)應(ying)(ying)力(li)值(zhi)。許(xu)用(yong)應(ying)(ying)力(li)值(zhi)的(de)(de)大小與(yu)工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)道所(suo)處(chu)的(de)(de)環(huan)境條件完全(quan)無關，在(zai)GB／T20801、GB 50316、SH／T 3059等中(zhong)(zhong)規定(ding)使用(yong)應(ying)(ying)力(li)表中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)值(zhi)，既體(ti)現了許(xu)用(yong)應(ying)(ying)力(li)所(suo)表達的(de)(de)安全(quan)強(qiang)度(du)，又體(ti)現了工(gong)(gong)程設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)經(jing)濟合理性(xing)(xing)。
輸氣管道和(he)工業管道壁(bi)厚計(ji)算公式中安全系(xi)數(shu)的(de)(de)區別(bie)，在安全理念和(he)規范內容上(shang)存在差異，在設計(ji)上(shang)是無法統一的(de)(de)。
3. 鋼管壁厚附加裕量(liang)的(de)比較
輸氣管(guan)(guan)(guan)道在用公式得出計算壁厚之(zhi)后，圓整到(dao)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)標準規(gui)定的(de)(de)壁厚，一(yi)般(ban)沒有考慮(lv)材料厚度偏差(cha)和腐蝕裕量。但是ASME B31.8規(gui)定采用該規(gui)范所列鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，已經考慮(lv)了(le)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)壁厚負(fu)偏差(cha)，并且加了(le)裕量，例如(ru)，如(ru)采用API5L，則不必再另加厚度負(fu)偏差(cha)了(le)。
工業管道的壁厚計算公式中則明確規定了應該考慮厚度減薄附加量C1和腐蝕磨蝕附加量C2。
二、鋼管(guan)材料選用的比較(jiao)
由(you)于(yu)輸氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道距離長(chang)，鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量大，天然(ran)氣(qi)輸送量大，輸氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道朝著高(gao)(gao)壓力、大直徑(jing)方向發展，鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)材料也朝著高(gao)(gao)強度(du)、微合金的(de)(de)(de)方向發展。與輸氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道工(gong)程相配套的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)也有了自成體系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，在(zai)國(guo)際上(shang)得到廣泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)是(shi)美國(guo)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)API5L。該(gai)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高(gao)(gao)鋼(gang)級(ji)為L830M（PSL2），規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)屈服強度(du)最(zui)小值為830 MPa。ISO 3183《石(shi)油天然(ran)氣(qi)工(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)輸送系(xi)統用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)》是(shi)在(zai)API5L《管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)規(gui)范(fan)》基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)編制的(de)(de)(de)。GB／T 9711《石(shi)油天然(ran)氣(qi)工(gong)業 管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)輸送系(xi)統用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)》是(shi)在(zai)ISO 3183標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)修改(gai)編制的(de)(de)(de)，該(gai)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)得到了廣泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。與工(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)在(zai)技(ji)術上(shang)有重大區別(bie)。GB 50349《氣(qi)田(tian)集(ji)(ji)輸設計(ji)規(gui)范(fan)》規(gui)定氣(qi)田(tian)集(ji)(ji)輸管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)也是(shi)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)GB／T 9711。
工業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道所屬(shu)裝置的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道流體多樣化(hua)(hua)、設計參(can)數各(ge)不相同，工業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道的(de)(de)器材(cai)(cai)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)尚無自(zi)成(cheng)體系的(de)(de)統(tong)一標(biao)準(zhun)，均(jun)是(shi)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)相應的(de)(de)鋼(gang)材(cai)(cai)和(he)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)標(biao)準(zhun)，例如國標(biao)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)準(zhun)：GB／T13793《直縫電焊鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)》，GB／T9948《石油裂化(hua)(hua)用(yong)(yong)(yong)無縫鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)》，GB／T 6479《高(gao)壓化(hua)(hua)肥設備用(yong)(yong)(yong)無縫鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)》，GB／T8163《輸(shu)送流體用(yong)(yong)(yong)無縫鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)》，GB／T3087《低(di)中壓鍋爐用(yong)(yong)(yong)無縫鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)》，GB／T5310《高(gao)壓鍋爐用(yong)(yong)(yong)無縫鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)》等數十個，工業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道器材(cai)(cai)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)具體規定(ding)與輸(shu)氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道的(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)要求是(shi)大不一樣的(de)(de)，輸(shu)氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道與工業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道在材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)及材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)標(biao)準(zhun)上均(jun)有(you)很大區別。
三、管(guan)道沖擊(ji)試驗的(de)比較(jiao)
輸氣(qi)管(guan)道（包括輸氣(qi)站）一般都在野外，受(shou)自然環(huan)境(jing)（低溫）的影響比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)大，輸氣(qi)管(guan)道用(yong)鋼(gang)管(guan)對低溫沖(chong)擊(ji)韌性的要求(qiu)較(jiao)(jiao)高，以防(fang)止鋼(gang)管(guan)脆性斷裂擴展和(he)控(kong)制延(yan)性斷裂擴展。我國對干線和(he)站場(chang)用(yong)鋼(gang)管(guan)提出了在API5L的基礎上對鋼(gang)管(guan)和(he)焊縫(feng)進行(xing)夏比(bi)沖(chong)擊(ji)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)的要求(qiu)，規定其試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)溫度應低于管(guan)道通過當地的最(zui)低環(huan)境(jing)溫度，一般取-10℃，-20℃、-30℃，夏比(bi)沖(chong)擊(ji)韌性合格值根據不同鋼(gang)級和(he)管(guan)徑(jing)分(fen)別為27J、40J、54J、80J（3個試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)最(zui)小(xiao)平均(jun)值）。
工業管道對管道設計溫度≤-20℃而高于鋼(gang)材使(shi)用溫度下(xia)限(xian)的碳素鋼(gang)、低(di)合(he)金(jin)鋼(gang)、中合(he)金(jin)鋼(gang)和高合(he)金(jin)鐵素體鋼(gang)，要求進行夏比低(di)溫沖擊試(shi)驗(yan)，試(shi)驗(yan)沖擊功合(he)格值根據不同的鋼(gang)材分別(bie)為18J、20J、27J、31J（3個試(shi)樣平均值），GB／T 20801、GB／T 50316、SH／T 3059等標注中均有明確規(gui)定。
輸氣管道與工業管道設計規范對鋼管提出了夏比低(di)溫沖(chong)(chong)擊試驗的要求，在夏比低(di)溫沖(chong)(chong)擊試驗的試驗溫度與合格值上(shang)差異較(jiao)大。
