1. 不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)化(hua)學(xue)鍍銅的應(ying)用
不銹鋼化(hua)學鍍銅應用于電子(zi)(zi)工業(ye)(ye)、計算機工業(ye)(ye)及(ji)航空工業(ye)(ye)中電子(zi)(zi)元件(jian)的高效電磁干擾的屏蔽(bi)。
2. 不(bu)銹鋼基體上化學鍍(du)銅(tong)存(cun)在的(de)問題
亞洲歐美色綜合一區二區在線:不銹鋼基體上化學鍍銅易造成鍍層鼓泡，這不僅影響了鍍層與基體的結合力，而且直接影響到外觀質量。為此，將鍍前酸處理過的不銹鋼放在烘箱中加熱，以除去酸洗時滲入到基體的氫，采用此方法解決了鍍層起泡問題，得到所需要的化學鍍銅層。
3. 不(bu)銹鋼化學鍍銅工(gong)藝流程
NiCr不銹鋼（經過(guo)600℃真(zhen)空熱(re)(re)處(chu)理）→化(hua)(hua)學除(chu)油［氫氧化(hua)(hua)鈉(na)（NaOH)10%(質量分數）］→水(shui)洗(xi)→熱(re)(re)水(shui)洗(xi)→除(chu)銹（鹽酸(suan)1:1溶液，溫度(du)80~100℃,時(shi)間(jian)5min)→水(shui)洗(xi)→干(gan)燥→除(chu)氫（在(zai)烘箱(xiang)中溫度(du)200℃,時(shi)間(jian)2h)→酸(suan)處(chu)理［稀硫酸(suan)5%(質量分數），時(shi)間(jian)1~5min]→水(shui)洗(xi)→去(qu)離子(zi)水(shui)洗(xi)→化(hua)(hua)學鍍(du)銅→水(shui)洗(xi)→抗銅變色處(chu)理（苯(ben)并三氮唑1g/L,溫度(du)65℃,時(shi)間(jian)2min)→純水(shui)洗(xi)→熱(re)(re)純水(shui)洗(xi)→干(gan)燥。
4. 化學鍍(du)銅溶液成分及工藝條件見表4-39
5. 化學(xue)鍍銅溶液的配(pei)制
先將(jiang)(jiang)硫酸(suan)(suan)(suan)銅(tong)(tong)和酒石酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉀鈉分別用(yong)純(chun)水(shui)(shui)溶解(jie)(jie)(jie)，然后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)(jiang)硫酸(suan)(suan)(suan)銅(tong)(tong)溶液在攪(jiao)拌(ban)下(xia)加(jia)(jia)入(ru)酒石酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉀鈉溶液中(zhong)，銅(tong)(tong)離子(zi)被酒石酸(suan)(suan)(suan)離子(zi)絡(luo)合(he)成藍(lan)(lan)色絡(luo)合(he)物(wu)。再(zai)將(jiang)(jiang)氯(lv)化(hua)鎳用(yong)少量水(shui)(shui)溶解(jie)(jie)(jie)后(hou)(hou)攪(jiao)拌(ban)加(jia)(jia)入(ru)，再(zai)加(jia)(jia)入(ru)甲(jia)醛溶液，攪(jiao)拌(ban)均勻(yun)。將(jiang)(jiang)氫氧化(hua)鈉用(yong)純(chun)水(shui)(shui)溶解(jie)(jie)(jie)成200g/L 的濃溶液待用(yong)。在開始(shi)(shi)化(hua)學鍍銅(tong)(tong)前，逐步在攪(jiao)拌(ban)下(xia)加(jia)(jia)入(ru)藍(lan)(lan)色絡(luo)合(he)液中(zhong)，使溶液pH達到12 左右（用(yong)9~13精(jing)密pH試紙測(ce)量），最后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)(jiang)穩(wen)定劑亞(ya)鐵氯(lv)化(hua)鉀、聚乙(yi)二醇用(yong)少量水(shui)(shui)溶解(jie)(jie)(jie)后(hou)(hou)攪(jiao)拌(ban)加(jia)(jia)入(ru)，乙(yi)醇可直接加(jia)(jia)入(ru)，最后(hou)(hou)用(yong)純(chun)水(shui)(shui)加(jia)(jia)入(ru)至溶液的規定體積，攪(jiao)拌(ban)均勻(yun)后(hou)(hou)放入(ru)不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)件即(ji)可開始(shi)(shi)化(hua)學鍍銅(tong)(tong)。
6. 操作要(yao)點(dian)
①. 裝載量
按照每升(sheng)鍍(du)液(ye)裝載2d㎡計算。
②. 除氫和攪(jiao)拌
不(bu)銹鋼(gang)對(dui)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)滲(shen)很(hen)敏感，工(gong)(gong)(gong)件在(zai)酸(suan)(suan)洗(xi)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)會(hui)滲(shen)人到基(ji)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)，如果不(bu)除氫(qing)(qing)(qing)，化學鍍(du)(du)(du)銅(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)致(zhi)密小(xiao)孔覆蓋(gai)在(zai)不(bu)銹鋼(gang)表(biao)(biao)面后(hou)，氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)無(wu)法逸出(chu)，造成(cheng)很(hen)大(da)的應(ying)力，使(shi)(shi)鍍(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)起泡(pao)，加上化學鍍(du)(du)(du)銅(tong)(tong)本身(shen)伴隨著(zhu)析氫(qing)(qing)(qing)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)會(hui)殘(can)留在(zai)基(ji)體(ti)(ti)與(yu)(yu)鍍(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)金屬的晶格中(zhong)，增大(da)內應(ying)力，嚴重地減弱基(ji)體(ti)(ti)與(yu)(yu)鍍(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)的結合(he)強(qiang)度。為此，從兩方(fang)面著(zhu)手解(jie)決(jue)鍍(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)起泡(pao)問題(ti)。其一是(shi)把經(jing)過(guo)(guo)去油、酸(suan)(suan)洗(xi)后(hou)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)件在(zai)化學鍍(du)(du)(du)銅(tong)(tong)前進(jin)行熱(re)處理，除去滲(shen)入到基(ji)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)的氫(qing)(qing)(qing)，熱(re)處理溫度和時(shi)(shi)間(jian)條(tiao)件經(jing)實驗(yan)確定為180~200℃,2小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，鍍(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)無(wu)鼓(gu)泡(pao)，鍍(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)結合(he)力合(he)格。溫度過(guo)(guo)低或(huo)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)過(guo)(guo)短仍有(you)輕微鼓(gu)泡(pao)，溫度過(guo)(guo)高(gao)(gao)或(huo)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)過(guo)(guo)長都容易使(shi)(shi)表(biao)(biao)面再次生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)不(bu)易去除的氧(yang)化皮(pi)，又(you)需要較長時(shi)(shi)間(jian)的強(qiang)酸(suan)(suan)處理，酸(suan)(suan)洗(xi)時(shi)(shi)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)會(hui)再次滲(shen)入基(ji)體(ti)(ti)。在(zai)所選定的溫度和時(shi)(shi)間(jian)下雖表(biao)(biao)面會(hui)有(you)新的氧(yang)化膜生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)，但使(shi)(shi)用(yong)稀硫酸(suan)(suan)短時(shi)(shi)間(jian)酸(suan)(suan)洗(xi)即(ji)可(ke)，以免再次滲(shen)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)。其二是(shi)在(zai)化學鍍(du)(du)(du)銅(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，采用(yong)某種攪(jiao)(jiao)拌（空氣(qi)(qi)攪(jiao)(jiao)拌或(huo)機械(xie)攪(jiao)(jiao)拌），有(you)利于銅(tong)(tong)離(li)子向工(gong)(gong)(gong)件表(biao)(biao)面擴散，防止和減少副反應(ying)產物銅(tong)(tong)粉（即(ji)Cu2O)的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)，而且(qie)有(you)利于反應(ying)產物氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)脫離(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件表(biao)(biao)面。通過(guo)(guo)上述兩種方(fang)法有(you)效(xiao)地解(jie)決(jue)了鍍(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)鼓(gu)泡(pao)問題(ti)，提高(gao)(gao)了鍍(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)與(yu)(yu)基(ji)體(ti)(ti)的結合(he)強(qiang)度。
③. 催化活性劑-鎳(nie)離子
在化學鍍(du)(du)銅(tong)溶液中(zhong)加入(ru)少量鎳離子(zi)后(hou)，鍍(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)性(xing)(xing)質得到改(gai)善，在鍍(du)(du)銅(tong)層(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)含有微量的鎳，形(xing)成Cu89Ni11金屬化合物，它具有最佳的催化活性(xing)(xing)，提高鍍(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)的催化活性(xing)(xing)。
④. 穩定劑的控制(zhi)
在化(hua)學(xue)鍍銅(tong)(tong)過程中(zhong)(zhong)，甲(jia)(jia)醛(quan)能將二價(jia)銅(tong)(tong)離子還原為(wei)金屬銅(tong)(tong)鍍層(ceng)，還存(cun)在有副反應，即不(bu)完(wan)全反應生成(cheng)(cheng)暗(an)紅色的(de)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)（Cu2O),它形成(cheng)(cheng)微粒懸浮(fu)在鍍液中(zhong)(zhong)，呈膠體狀態，極(ji)難用過濾(lv)除去，若(ruo)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)共沉積，使(shi)銅(tong)(tong)鍍層(ceng)疏松粗(cu)糙，與(yu)基體結合力極(ji)差。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)被甲(jia)(jia)醛(quan)還原成(cheng)(cheng)金屬微粒，又(you)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)自催化(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)心，使(shi)鍍液自發分解，消耗了鍍液中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)有效成(cheng)(cheng)分。為(wei)了抑制副反應的(de)發生，加入(ru)穩(wen)定(ding)劑，以提(ti)高(gao)鍍液的(de)穩(wen)定(ding)性。但是，過量的(de)穩(wen)定(ding)劑的(de)加人，又(you)成(cheng)(cheng)了化(hua)學(xue)鍍銅(tong)(tong)反應的(de)催化(hua)毒性劑，顯著(zhu)降低化(hua)學(xue)鍍的(de)速率，甚至停(ting)鍍，故選(xuan)用穩(wen)定(ding)劑，并控制其很(hen)低的(de)適宜含(han)量，對(dui)提(ti)高(gao)鍍液穩(wen)定(ding)性有效。
⑤. 防(fang)銅層變色處理
對銅(tong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)進行(xing)防變(bian)(bian)色(se)處理，在鍍(du)銅(tong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)表面形成(cheng)一層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)穩定(ding)的(de)絡合膜，隔(ge)絕外(wai)界(jie)浸蝕性物質(zhi)對鍍(du)銅(tong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)作用，使鍍(du)銅(tong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)保持本(ben)色(se)一定(ding)的(de)時間(jian)。苯并三氮(dan)唑要先用乙醇溶解(jie)好，然后(hou)加入熱(re)蒸餾水中。防變(bian)(bian)色(se)處理的(de)溫(wen)度不低于(yu)65℃,時間(jian)不少于(yu)2min,否則防變(bian)(bian)色(se)達不到(dao)效果。
7. 鍍(du)層結合(he)強(qiang)度(du)檢測－劃痕實驗(yan)法(fa)
在鍍層(ceng)(ceng)表面用刀片(pian)劃出1mm間距的(de)直行(xing)線(xian)和90°交錯的(de)橫行(xing)線(xian)形(xing)成小方格。觀察劃痕交錯處鍍層(ceng)(ceng)有無起層(ceng)(ceng)，進一步(bu)用黏性高的(de)膠(jiao)帶貼于劃痕表面，再(zai)撕下膠(jiao)帶，以(yi)銅層(ceng)(ceng)不脫落為合格。
8. 不銹鋼化學鍍銅(tong)常(chang)見(jian)故障(zhang)、可(ke)能原(yuan)因及糾正(zheng)方法(fa)見(jian)表(biao)4-40.
