一、爆(bao)破片概述(shu)

  爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)片(pian)的作用是(shi)(shi)在設備(bei)或管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)壓(ya)力突(tu)然升高尚未(wei)引起爆(bao)(bao)炸前，由于爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)片(pian)兩側(ce)壓(ya)力差(cha)達到預定溫(wen)(wen)度下的預定值時，即先行破(po)(po)裂(lie)，排(pai)出(chu)設備(bei)或管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)內的高壓(ya)介質(zhi)。因此爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)片(pian)是(shi)(shi)防(fang)止設備(bei)或管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)破(po)(po)裂(lie)的一種安全(quan)泄放(fang)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)片(pian)安全(quan)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)具(ju)有結(jie)構簡單(dan)、靈敏、準確(que)、無泄漏、泄放(fang)能力強等優點。能夠(gou)在黏(nian)稠、高溫(wen)(wen)、低溫(wen)(wen)、腐蝕的環境下可(ke)靠地工作，還是(shi)(shi)超高壓(ya)容(rong)器的理(li)想(xiang)安全(quan)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。

 爆(bao)破片(pian)典型圖(tu)見圖(tu)6.3.24。

二(er)、爆破(po)片(pian)的(de)分類

  按照結構型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式來分(fen)類，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)主(zhu)要有(you)三種(zhong)，即平(ping)板(ban)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、正(zheng)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)反(fan)(fan)(fan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。平(ping)板(ban)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合性能(neng)較差，主(zhu)要用(yong)于(yu)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)超(chao)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)工(gong)況，尤(you)其是大型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)料倉(cang)。正(zheng)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)反(fan)(fan)(fan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)場合較多。對于(yu)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)，其工(gong)作(zuo)原理是利用(yong)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)拉伸(shen)強(qiang)度(du)(du)來控制爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)出方(fang)向與(yu)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)用(yong)方(fang)向一致。在(zai)(zai)使用(yong)中(zhong)發現，所有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)都存在(zai)(zai)相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)局限：爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)時，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)碎片(pian)(pian)會進入泄放管(guan)道；由(you)(you)于(yu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)心厚度(du)(du)被有(you)意減弱，易(yi)于(yu)因疲勞而提前(qian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)；操作(zuo)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)不能(neng)超(chao)過爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)最小爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)65％，由(you)(you)此導致了(le)反(fan)(fan)(fan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出現。這種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)利用(yong)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗壓(ya)(ya)強(qiang)度(du)(du)來控制其爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)，較之傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)，其具有(you)抗疲勞性能(neng)優良、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)時不產生碎片(pian)(pian)且操作(zuo)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)可達其最小爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)90％以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)優點。細分(fen)之下，反(fan)(fan)(fan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)包括反(fan)(fan)(fan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)刻槽型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、反(fan)(fan)(fan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)腭(e)齒型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)以及反(fan)(fan)(fan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)刀(dao)架型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等。

三、爆破片的特點

爆破片與安全閥(fa)比較，具有結構簡單、靈敏、可靠、經濟(ji)、無泄漏、適(shi)用性(xing)強等優越性(xing)，但也有其(qi)局限性(xing)，其(qi)特點如下(xia)：

（1）密封(feng)性(xing)能(neng)好，在設(she)備正常工作壓力下能(neng)保持嚴密不漏。

（2）泄壓反應迅(xun)速(su)，爆破片的動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)一般(ban)在2～10ms內完成，而安全閥(fa)則因為機(ji)械滯(zhi)后(hou)作(zuo)(zuo)用，全部(bu)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)時間要高1～2個(ge)數量(liang)級。

（3）對黏稠性(xing)或粉末狀污物不敏(min)感。即使(shi)氣體(ti)中含(han)有一(yi)定量的(de)污物也不致影響它的(de)正常動作(zuo)，不像安全閥那樣，容易黏結或堵塞。

（4）爆破(po)元件（膜片）動作后不能復位，不但設備內介質全(quan)部流失(shi)，設備也得(de)中止運(yun)行。

（5）動作(zuo)壓(ya)力不太穩定(ding)(ding)，爆(bao)破片的爆(bao)破壓(ya)力允(yun)許(xu)偏(pian)差一般都比(bi)安全閥(fa)的穩定(ding)(ding)壓(ya)力允(yun)許(xu)偏(pian)差大一些(xie)。

（6）爆破(po)片的使用壽命(ming)較短，常因(yin)疲勞而早期(qi)失效。

四、爆破片(pian)的適用(yong)場(chang)所

（1）獨(du)立的(de)壓力(li)容(rong)器和／或壓力(li)管道(dao)系統(tong)設有安全閥、爆破片裝(zhuang)置(zhi)或這二者的(de)組合裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。

（2）滿足下列(lie)情況之一應優先選用爆(bao)破片：

   ①. 壓力有可能(neng)迅速上升的；

   ②. 泄放介質含有顆粒(li)、易沉(chen)淀、易結晶、易聚合和介質黏度較大；

   ③. 泄放(fang)介質(zhi)有(you)強腐蝕性，使用安全閥時其價值很高；

   ④. 工藝介質十分昂貴或有劇毒，在工作過程中不允(yun)許有任何泄漏，應與安全(quan)閥(fa)串聯(lian)使用(yong)；

   ⑤. 工(gong)作壓(ya)力(li)很(hen)低或很(hen)高(gao)時，選用安全閥則其制造比較困難(nan)；

   ⑥. 當使用溫度較低而影響安全閥工作(zuo)特性時；

   ⑦. 需要(yao)較大泄放(fang)面積。

（3）對于(yu)一(yi)次性(xing)使用的(de)管(guan)路系統(tong)（如開車吹掃的(de)管(guan)路放空(kong)系統(tong)），爆破(po)片的(de)破(po)裂不影響操(cao)作和(he)生產(chan)的(de)場合(he)，設置(zhi)爆破(po)片。

（4）為減(jian)少爆破(po)(po)片(pian)破(po)(po)裂后的(de)工藝介(jie)質的(de)損失，可(ke)與安(an)全(quan)閥(fa)串聯使用。

（5）作為壓(ya)力容器(qi)的附加安全設施，可與安全閥并聯使用，例如爆破片(pian)僅用于火災情況下(xia)的超壓(ya)泄放。

（6）為增加異常工況（如火災(zai)等）下的(de)泄放面(mian)積，爆破片可并聯(lian)使(shi)用(yong)。

（7）爆破片不適用于經(jing)常超(chao)壓和溫(wen)度波(bo)動很大(da)的場合(he)。

五(wu)、爆破片選用程序

（1）確定被保護設備(bei)或壓力管道(dao)系統是否(fou)需要設置爆破片。

（2）根據工(gong)藝介(jie)質和操作條(tiao)件確(que)定爆破(po)片的形(xing)式及材料(liao)。

（3）根據被保護管道系(xi)統的最高(gao)壓力(li)及選用的爆破(po)片形(xing)式，按標(biao)準規范確定(ding)爆破(po)片的最小標(biao)定(ding)爆破(po)壓力(li)，設(she)計爆破(po)壓力(li)。

（4）根據工藝條件、物理參數計算(suan)爆破(po)片的安全(quan)泄(xie)放(fang)(fang)量，選定爆破(po)片的泄(xie)放(fang)(fang)面積和泄(xie)放(fang)(fang)口徑。

（5）填(tian)寫爆破片裝置規格書，提供給材料采(cai)購專業，作為訂貨的技術(shu)條件。

六、爆破片有關(guan)標準(zhun)規范

  HG/T 20570.3《工藝系統工程設計(ji)技術規(gui)定(ding)--爆(bao)破(po)片的設置和選用(yong)》

  GB 567《爆(bao)破片與爆(bao)破片裝置(zhi)》

  GB 12353《拱型金屬爆破片裝置(zhi)分類(lei)與(yu)安裝尺(chi)寸》

  GB/T 14566《正(zheng)拱形金(jin)屬爆破片(pian)型式與(yu)參數》

  GB/T 14567《反拱形金屬爆破片型式與參(can)數》

  GB/T 14568《開縫形金屬爆破片型(xing)式(shi)與參數》

  GB/T 16181《爆破片裝置夾持器(qi)型(xing)式和外形尺寸》

七、安全(quan)閥與(yu)爆破片性能比(bi)較

  安全閥與爆破片性能比較見表6.3.13。