金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對研(yan)制和(he)發(fa)展新金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)、改(gai)進(jin)(jin)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)質量(liang)、限度(du)發(fa)揮材(cai)(cai)料(liao)潛力(li)(li)(li)(選用適當的(de)(de)(de)許用應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)、分(fen)(fen)析金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)故障(zhang)、確(que)(que)保(bao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)計合理以及(ji)使用維護的(de)(de)(de)安可(ke)靠(kao)，都是(shi)必不(bu)可(ke)少的(de)(de)(de)手段(見金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)征(zheng))。金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)基本任務是(shi)正確(que)(que)地選用檢測(ce)儀器、裝備(bei)和(he)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣，確(que)(que)定合理的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)判(pan)據(ju)，并準確(que)(que)而盡可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)快(kuai)地測(ce)出這(zhe)種判(pan)據(ju)。 測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方法和(he)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian) 為了確(que)(que)切表(biao)征(zheng)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)在使用(服役)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下所表(biao)現的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為,力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)應(ying)(ying)盡量(liang)接(jie)近實(shi)際(ji)(ji)工(gong)作條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。除普(pu)通(tong)(tong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(利(li)用試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))外(wai)，近年來又發(fa)展出模擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)，即應(ying)(ying)用機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)模型(xing)，或甚至使用真(zhen)實(shi)機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，在模擬機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)真(zhen)實(shi)工(gong)作條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)這(zhe)種試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)所得到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(使用性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng))判(pan)據(ju)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)更真(zhen)實(shi)反映工(gong)作條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，具(ju)有(you)重大的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程實(shi)際(ji)(ji)意義。但是(shi)，模擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)般缺乏(fa)普(pu)遍(bian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，應(ying)(ying)用受到(dao)限制。然而根據(ju)具(ju)體情況，進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)部分(fen)(fen)模擬服役條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還(huan)是(shi)十分(fen)(fen)必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)設(she)備(bei)、試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣形狀、尺(chi)寸和(he)加工(gong)方法、加荷速率、溫度(du)、介(jie)質等(deng)，均影(ying)響(xiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)果(guo)。只有(you)采(cai)用相同的(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方法標準和(he)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規程，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)證金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)可(ke)比性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。正確(que)(que)選擇和(he)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)標準，是(shi)確(que)(que)保(bao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。
測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內容(rong) 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)是研(yan)究金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)下(xia)所(suo)表(biao)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為和(he)(he)(he)發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象。由(you)于(yu)(yu)作用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)點(如(ru)(ru)(ru)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種類、施(shi)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)式和(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng))和(he)(he)(he)受(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態所(suo)處環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)受(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后表(biao)現出各種不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(如(ru)(ru)(ru)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)強度(du)(du)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng))。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)低，通常用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)判據來表(biao)征，如(ru)(ru)(ru)抗(kang)拉(la)(la)強度(du)(du) 、伸長率、沖擊韌度(du)(du)、疲勞限等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服役條(tiao)件復雜(za)，因而，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件也是復雜(za)而多樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)需要考慮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參數很多，常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有： A 溫(wen)度(du)(du) 室溫(wen)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)、低溫(wen)和(he)(he)(he)按照(zhao)(zhao)定(ding)規(gui)(gui)律變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)； B 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉(la)(la)伸、壓縮、彎曲、扭(niu)轉(zhuan)、剪切(qie)、復合應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、按定(ding)規(gui)(gui)律變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)隨機(ji)(ji)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)； C 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian) 軸向、徑向、表(biao)面、彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、總(zong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)； D 環(huan)境(jing) 空氣(qi)、真空、控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)氣(qi)氛、腐蝕介質、海水、水蒸氣(qi)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓、腐蝕、核輻照(zhao)(zhao)、宇宙空間(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)； E 加荷(he)速率(或應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)速率)低速、中速、高(gao)(gao)(gao)速、超低速、超高(gao)(gao)(gao)速等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)； F 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(或應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian))循環(huan)頻(pin)率 低頻(pin)、中頻(pin)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)頻(pin)、超低頻(pin)、超高(gao)(gao)(gao)頻(pin)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)； G 時(shi)間(jian) 瞬間(jian)、短(duan)時(shi)、長時(shi)、超短(duan)時(shi)、超長時(shi)； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺(chi)寸(cun)和(he)(he)(he)形(xing)狀(zhuang) 般、小、大、棒狀(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)、絲狀(zhuang)、薄膜、環(huan)形(xing)、C形(xing)、殊形(xing)狀(zhuang)、帶(dai)缺口、帶(dai)預制(zhi)裂紋或缺陷、模型、實物等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 根據上(shang)述參數，已形(xing)成下(xia)述主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普通力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)法(fa):抗(kang)拉(la)(la)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖擊試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬度(du)(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲勞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(持(chi)久強度(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)松弛(chi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷裂韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)彎試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)扭(niu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐磨(mo)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)工藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(如(ru)(ru)(ru)杯突、擴口、反復彎曲、鋼(gang)管壓扁(bian)、鋼(gang)絲纏繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是門(men)綜(zong)合性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)科，它與數學(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)、物理學(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)以及無線(xian)電(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、電(dian)(dian)子計算機(ji)(ji)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、數字顯(xian)示技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、電(dian)(dian)液伺服控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)測(ce)(ce)量技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、近代無損(sun)檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、儀(yi)(yi)器儀(yi)(yi)表(biao)制(zhi)造技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)密(mi)切(qie)相關。60年代以來,由(you)于(yu)(yu)這些域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先進成就應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)到金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中去(qu)，使金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)度(du)(du)、能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)顯(xian)著(zhu)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，基本上(shang)可(ke)實現力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸參數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、測(ce)(ce)量和(he)(he)(he)記錄(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)圖表(biao)化(hua)(hua)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)正向著(zhu)無惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)子化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)盤自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(廣泛(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)子計算機(ji)(ji))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向邁進。
